| Routine Veterinary Practice | Diagnosis, treatment and welfare of an individual animal | No | No | Direct benefit | No | Professional standards, owner consent, clinical governance |
| Clinical Audit | Assess whether care meets a defined standard | No | No | Indirect | No | Practice approval and governance oversight |
| Service Evaluation | Assess effectiveness or efficiency of a service | No | No | Indirect | No | Local governance approval |
| Practice-Based Surveillance | Monitor disease occurrence and outcomes | Usually no | Limited | Population benefit | No | Data governance, owner notification where appropriate |
| Clinical Veterinary Research | Improve care whilst generating new knowledge | Yes | Yes | Direct clinical benefit anticipated | Yes | Ethics review, informed owner consent, protocol, governance |
| Observational Research | Generate knowledge without altering treatment | Yes | Yes | Variable | Yes | Proportionate ethics review, consent where appropriate |
| Observation Research – behavioural | Generate knowledge from observation in usual environment where animal lives (e.g. home, field, stable) | Yes | Yes | Variable | Yes | Proportionate ethics review, consent where appropriate |
| Interventional Clinical Research | Evaluate diagnostics, treatments or procedures | Yes | Yes | Potential benefit | Yes | Ethics review, consent, monitoring, ATC (ASPA licence may be required – depending on primary intent and direct health benefit) |
| Use of Archived Samples/Data | Generate knowledge from existing materials | Yes | Yes | No direct benefit | Maybe (please contact registry for discussion) | Ethics and data governance considerations |
| Veterinary Public Health Research | Improve animal and/or human health | Yes | Yes | Population benefit | Yes | Ethics and regulatory review as required |
| ASPA-Regulated Research | Generate scientific knowledge under ASPA | Yes | Yes | None | Yes | ASPA licences, ethics review, regulatory approval |